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Danish scientist Hans Christian Gram devised a method to differentiate two types of bacteria based on the structural differences in their cell walls. In his test, bacteria that retain the crystal violet dye do so because of a thick layer of peptidoglycan and are called Gram-positive bacteria. In contrast, Gram-negative bacteria do not retain the violet dye and are colored red or pink. Compared with Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria are more resistant against antibodies because of their impenetrable cell wall. These bacteria have a wide variety of applications ranging   from medical treatment to industrial use and Swiss cheese production. Cell well A cell wall, not just of bacteria but for all organisms, is found outside of the cell membrane. It’s an additional layer that typically provides some strength that the cell membrane lacks, by having a semi-rigid structure.The bacterial cell walls contain an ingredient known as peptidoglycan. This particular s...

Endosymbiosis The hypothesized process by which prokaryotes gave rise to the first eukaryotic cells is known as endosymbiosis, and certainly ranks among the most important evolutionary events.  Endosymbiotic  theory, that attempts to explain the origins of eukaryotic cell organelles such as mitochondria in   animals   and fungi and chloroplasts in   plants   was greatly advanced by the seminal work of biologist Lynn  Margulis  in the 1960s. Mitochondria are one of the many different types of organelles in the cells of all eukaryotes. In general, they are considered to have originated from  proteobacteria  (likely  Rickettsiales ) through endosymbiosis. Chloroplasts are one of the many different types of organelles in the plant cell. In general, they are considered to have originated from cyanobacteria through endosymbiosis. Endosymbiosis has gained ever more acceptance in the last half century, especially with the relatively r...